General Urology - Common Urological Problems

A. RENAL TRANSPLANTATION Urinary stones associated with renal transplantation are rare. Perirenal nerves are severed at the time of renal harvesting. Classic renal colic is not found in these patients....

Upper-tract urinary stones usually eventually cause pain. The character of the pain depends on the location. Calculi small enough to venture down the ureter usually have difficulty passing through the...

1. Struvite -Struvite stones are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate (MAP). They are found most commonly in women and may recur rapidly. They frequently present as renal staghorn calculi...

A. CALCIUM CALCULI Calcifications can occur and accumulate in the collecting system,  resulting in nephrolithiasis.  Eighty to eighty-five percent of all urinary stones are calcareous. Calcium nephrolithiasis is most commonly...

A. CALCIUM Calcium is a major ion present in urinary crystals.  Only 50% of plasma calcium is ionized and available for filtration at the glomerulus. Well over 95% of the...

Mineralization in all biologic systems has a common theme in that the crystals and matrix are intertwined. Urinary stones are no exception; they are polycrystalline aggregates composed of varying amounts...

The lower urinary tract originates from the cloaca, the section of primitive hindgut into which the mesonephric ducts and embryonic ureters drain. Between the fourth and sixth weeks of gestation,...

In the cervical portions of the paired blocks of intermediate mesoderm the primitive precursor of the kidney,  the pronephros,  first appears in the fourth week of gestation.  This structure rapidly...

A working knowledge of the embryology of the genitourinary tract provides the basis for understanding the structural anomalies encountered in paediatric urological practice. Although this section will concentrate predominantly on...