Your blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body and carries away waste material that the body does not need. These waste materials are then brought back...
Read moreThe urinary system cleans the body of wastes. It gets rid of everything that the body does not need, to maintain balance in the rest of the systems. For instance,...
Read moreThe torment of a kidney stone attack is not easily forgotten. It is often impossible to believe that something so little can cause so much pain. Most people who have...
Read moreUrethral calculi usually originate from the bladder and rarely from the upper tracts. Most ureteral stones that pass spontaneously into the bladder can pass through the urethra unimpeded. Urethral stones...
Read moreProstatic calculi are found within the prostate gland per se and are found uncommonly within the prostatic urethra. They are thought to represent calcified corpora amylacea and are rarely found...
Read moreBladder calculi usually are a manifestation of an underlying pathologic condition, including voiding dysfunction or a foreign body. Voiding dysfunction may be due to a urethral stricture, benign prostatic hyperplasia, ...
Read moreIn general, 50% of patients experience recurrent urinary stones within 5 years without prophylactic intervention. Appropriate education and preventive measures are best instituted with a motivated patient after spontaneous stone...
Read moreA. CONSERVATIVE OBSERVATION Most ureteral calculi pass and do not require intervention. Spontaneous passage depends on stone size, shape, location, and associated ureteral edema (which is likely to depend on...
Read moreA. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Urinary stones can mimic other retroperitoneal and peritoneal pathologic states. A full differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen should be made, including acute appendicitis, ectopic and unrecognized...
Read moreA. RENAL TRANSPLANTATION Urinary stones associated with renal transplantation are rare. Perirenal nerves are severed at the time of renal harvesting. Classic renal colic is not found in these patients....
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