Urinary Stone Disease

Upper-tract urinary stones usually eventually cause pain. The character of the pain depends on the location. Calculi small enough to venture down the ureter usually have difficulty passing through the...

1. Struvite -Struvite stones are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate (MAP). They are found most commonly in women and may recur rapidly. They frequently present as renal staghorn calculi...

A. CALCIUM CALCULI Calcifications can occur and accumulate in the collecting system,  resulting in nephrolithiasis.  Eighty to eighty-five percent of all urinary stones are calcareous. Calcium nephrolithiasis is most commonly...

A. CALCIUM Calcium is a major ion present in urinary crystals.  Only 50% of plasma calcium is ionized and available for filtration at the glomerulus. Well over 95% of the...

Mineralization in all biologic systems has a common theme in that the crystals and matrix are intertwined. Urinary stones are no exception; they are polycrystalline aggregates composed of varying amounts...

Human gestation spans a period of 38 weeks, from fertilisation to birth. Conventionally, pregnancy is divided into three trimesters,  each of 3 months’ duration.  The formation of organs and systems...