Evaluation of Urinary Incontinence

Like many men his age, Marlin Zook began getting prostate screenings about 15 years ago even though he had no risk factors for prostate cancer. When his PSA level turned...

The workup described constitutes the basic office assessment (BOA) of UI; it is generally accepted. However, the role of urodynamics in the evaluation of patients with UI is controversial. This...

Patient histories regarding frequency and severity of urinary symptoms are often inaccurate. A more reliable indicator of symptoms is a fluid intake/voiding diary, which should be distributed to patients. They...

Introduction The goals of the basic evaluation are to confirm urinary incontinence (UI)  and to identify factors that may be contributing to or resulting from UI. The general evaluation of...

The lower urinary tract originates from the cloaca, the section of primitive hindgut into which the mesonephric ducts and embryonic ureters drain. Between the fourth and sixth weeks of gestation,...

In the cervical portions of the paired blocks of intermediate mesoderm the primitive precursor of the kidney,  the pronephros,  first appears in the fourth week of gestation.  This structure rapidly...

A working knowledge of the embryology of the genitourinary tract provides the basis for understanding the structural anomalies encountered in paediatric urological practice. Although this section will concentrate predominantly on...