Introduction The goals of the basic evaluation are to confirm urinary incontinence (UI) and to identify factors that may be contributing to or resulting from UI. The general evaluation of UI should include a history, fluid intake/voiding diary, physical examination, […]
The anatomic boundaries of the perineum are the pubis, thighs, and buttocks and can be divided into an anterior urogenital and a posterior anal triangle by drawing a line between the ischial tuberosities (Fig. 3) (7). The perineal body is […]
Lower Urinary Tract The bladder is comprised of the body and the trigone and normally serves to store urine at low pressures and effectively contract to urinate (7). The bladder is composed of an inner transitional epithelium, a multilayer muscular […]
The arterial blood supply to the pelvis and perineum are briefly reviewed. Venous drainage for the most part parallels the arterial vessels. The aorta bifurcates at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae into the common iliac arteries (Fig. 8). […]
The striated musculature of the pelvic floor provides dynamic support for the visceral contents of the abdominopelvic cavity. The pelvic floor consists of the pelvic diaphragm and the perineal membrane, which are described separately (Fig. 3) (3). The pelvic diaphragm […]
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