Female Urology & Urogynecology

The workup described constitutes the basic office assessment (BOA) of UI; it is generally accepted. However, the role of urodynamics in the evaluation of patients with UI is controversial. This...

Patient histories regarding frequency and severity of urinary symptoms are often inaccurate. A more reliable indicator of symptoms is a fluid intake/voiding diary, which should be distributed to patients. They...

Introduction The goals of the basic evaluation are to confirm urinary incontinence (UI)  and to identify factors that may be contributing to or resulting from UI. The general evaluation of...

The anatomic boundaries of the perineum are the pubis, thighs, and buttocks and can be divided into an anterior urogenital and a posterior anal triangle by drawing a line between...

Lower Urinary Tract The bladder is comprised of the body and the trigone and normally serves to store urine at low pressures and effectively contract to urinate (7). The bladder...

The arterial blood supply to the pelvis and perineum are briefly reviewed. Venous drainage for the most part parallels the arterial vessels. The aorta bifurcates at the level of the...

The striated musculature of the pelvic floor provides dynamic support for the visceral contents of the abdominopelvic cavity. The pelvic floor consists of the pelvic diaphragm and the perineal membrane,...

In the cervical portions of the paired blocks of intermediate mesoderm the primitive precursor of the kidney,  the pronephros,  first appears in the fourth week of gestation.  This structure rapidly...

A working knowledge of the embryology of the genitourinary tract provides the basis for understanding the structural anomalies encountered in paediatric urological practice. Although this section will concentrate predominantly on...