A. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS Edema may appear insidiously and increase slowly or can appear suddenly and accumulate rapidly. Symptoms other than those related to the mechanical effects of edema are not remarkable. On physical examination, massive peripheral edema is apparent. […]
Although it may not be accurate to classify all of these disorders as collagen diseases, disseminated lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic angiitis scleroderma, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura have been implicated in cases of glomerulonephritis. The urine […]
Essentials of Diagnosis and General Considerations Edema Proteinuria >3.5 g/day Hypoalbuminemia <3 g/dL Hyperlipidemia: cholesterol >300 mg/100 mL Lipiduria: free fat, oval fat bodies, fatty casts Because treatment and prognosis vary with the cause of nephrotic syndrome, renal biopsy is […]
The clinical manifestations of glomerular renal disease are apt to consist only of varying degrees of hematuria, excretion of characteristic formed elements in the urine, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency and its complications. Excluding diabetes, purported immunologic renal diseases are the […]
This condition has several pulmonary-renal diseases. The patient usually gives a history of recent hemoptysis and often of malaise, anorexia, and headache. A severe acute glomerulonephritis may be accompanied by diffuse hemorrhagic inflammation of the lungs. The urine shows gross […]
A. ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS History of streptococcal infection Mild generalized edema, mild hypertension, retinal hemorrhages Gross hematuria; protein, erythrocyte casts, granular and hyaline casts, white blood cells (leukocytes), and renal epithelial cells in urine Elevated antistreptolysin O titer, hypocomplementemia B. […]
Primary hematuria (idiopathic benign and recurrent hematuria, Berger’s disease) is now known to be an immune complex glomerulopathy in which deposition of IgA occurs in a granular pattern in the mesangium of the glomerulus. The […]
Urethral calculi usually originate from the bladder and rarely from the upper tracts. Most ureteral stones that pass spontaneously into the bladder can pass through the urethra unimpeded. Urethral stones may develop secondary to urinary stasis, secondary to a urethral […]
Prostatic calculi are found within the prostate gland per se and are found uncommonly within the prostatic urethra. They are thought to represent calcified corpora amylacea and are rarely found in boys. Usually small and numerous, they are noted to […]
Bladder calculi usually are a manifestation of an underlying pathologic condition, including voiding dysfunction or a foreign body. Voiding dysfunction may be due to a urethral stricture, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder neck contracture, or flaccid or spastic neurogenic bladder, all […]
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