General Urology - Common Urological Problems

The torment of a kidney stone attack is not easily forgotten. It is often impossible to believe that something so little can cause so much pain. Most people who have...

There are an estimated 600,000 new gonococcal infections per year in the United States.  In men,  most infections cause symptoms that cause the patient to seek treatment soon enough to...

Urethritis,  or urethral inflammation,  is often caused by infection. Characteristically, patients complain of urethral discharge and dysuria. On examination the discharge may be purulent or mucopurulent.  Asymptomatic infections are common...

Defects of Hydrogen Ion Secretion & Bicarbonate Reabsorption (Classic Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I) Failure to secrete hydrogen ion and to form ammonium ion results in loss of “fixed base”...

Defects of Amino Acid Reabsorption A. Congenital Cystinuria Increased excretion of cystine results in the formation of cystine calculi in the urinary tract.  Ornithine,  arginine, and lysine are also excreted...

The importance of inheritance and the familial incidence of disease warrant the inclusion of a classification of hereditary renal diseases. Although relatively uncommon in the population at large, hereditary renal...

Interstitial Nephritis Acute interstitial diseases are usually due to sensitivity to drugs, including antibiotics (penicillin, sulfonamides), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and phenytoin. The pathologic hallmark of acute interstitial nephritis is the...

A. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS Edema may appear insidiously and increase slowly or can appear suddenly and accumulate rapidly. Symptoms other than those related to the mechanical effects of edema are...

Although it may not be accurate to classify all of these disorders as collagen diseases, disseminated lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic angiitis scleroderma, Wegener’s granulomatosis,  Henoch-Schönlein purpura and thrombotic thrombocytopenic...

Essentials of Diagnosis and General Considerations Edema Proteinuria >3.5 g/day Hypoalbuminemia <3 g/dL Hyperlipidemia: cholesterol >300 mg/100 mL Lipiduria: free fat, oval fat bodies, fatty casts Because treatment and prognosis...